To what extent can the 1936 popular front government be seen as a missed opportunity for social transformation

How much can the 1936 well known front government be viewed as a botched chance for social change Through a disappointment with the conservative classes and an endeavor to suppress the developing hazard of one party rule, the left-wing Popular Front, drove by Socialist LeâÆ'â ³n Blum, was chosen into power. As Blum later reflected, it was a 'reflex of instinctual barrier against the perils which undermined French Republican establishments, and freedom itself'. In the two years the Popular Front held office they were entrusted with managing the acquired budgetary, Treasury and money troubles in the midst of rising worldwide pressure. This paper plans to basically inspect the degree to which the Popular Front neglected to meet people in general and in addition its own desires for accomplishing social transformation.The Third Republic had brought France triumphant through the First Word War and Andre Tardieu had become the prevailing political figure from 1929 to 1932, with the pre-war age drove by PoincarâÆ'â © being supplanted. The franc was at exceptional quality and the econ omy had never been more buoyant.Robert Blum’s Great Decorative Painting in Janua...It is accepted by numerous that 1930 was the pinnacle of monetary thriving; its file of modern creation was soaring and the purchaser value list arrived at its most significant level in December 1930. Anyway it was as yet a prevalently rustic, maturing society with a static populace. Somewhere in the range of 1900 and 1939 'its populace had expanded by 3%, to a great extent because of movement and no nation on the planet had a higher extent of individuals more than sixty' (Jackson, p.18). Tardieu was committed to complete a progression of long past due changes, fusing headways in innovation and foundation of a government assistance state. Jackson alluded to it as a time of transoceanic thoughts of justification a monetary modernisation (Jackson p.18). Toward the start of 1931 France, similar to the remainder of the world, started to be influenced by the downturn, however it went about as additi onal as a 'loss of motion than a calamitous blow'. Tardieu surrendered...

Ancient Babylon :: essays research papers

The code of Hammurabi was one of the most significant archives in Babylon history. It was received from numerous Sumerian traditions that had been around for some time before the Babylonians. In spite of the fact that huge numbers of the Laws were embraced from Sumeria they were distributed by Hammurabi and in this way known as the code of Hammurabi. This code had four fundamental parts to it. They were: Civil Laws, Commercial Laws, Penal Laws, and the Law of systems. The Civil Law was a significant one to the individuals. It set up a social class framework dependent on a pecking order dependent on riches. The Babylonians had three classes as indicated by the code. They were the freeman or well off individuals, the semi-freeman who had the option to become slaves whenever, and the slaves who were obviously the most reduced class. The following segment in the code was the Commercial Law. This had to do with business exchanges and most things identifying with business. It set up 20% financing costs. There was a political economy dependent on financial status. The rich classes were the leasers and the less fortunate class was the account holders. After the Commercial Law came the Penal Law. This had to do with the issue of wrongdoing. The laws were surprisingly unforgiving do to their ineducation. Notwithstanding this the well off class as a rule appreciated more opportunity from the law than the lower classes. There was no jury in the court back in the hours of Babylon. The code of Hammurabi resembled tit for tat discipline. In the event that you executed somebody than you would be slaughtered. The last law was the Law of Procedures. This managed the path the entirety of different laws were completed. It additionally had to do with the manner in which functions were done. These functions could incorporate marriage and different strict service. The principal gathering of individuals to assume control over the Mesopotamia locale was the Akkadians. They took over around 200 BC and they were lead by their pioneer Sargon the Great. Sargon was not a decent pioneer and Akkad the domain they assembled was not sorted out by any means. It had no general public and no human progress. Not long after the Akkadians came the Amorites. They were otherwise called the old Babylonians. They fabricated the city of Babylon and made it one of the greatest exchange communities the Middle East. Hammurabi was the King of the Amorites and was acclaimed for the code of Hammurabi. Antiquated Babylon :: expositions look into papers The code of Hammurabi was one of the most significant archives in Babylon history. It was received from numerous Sumerian traditions that had been around for some time before the Babylonians. In spite of the fact that a considerable lot of the Laws were received from Sumeria they were distributed by Hammurabi and in this way known as the code of Hammurabi. This code had four principle parts to it. They were: Civil Laws, Commercial Laws, Penal Laws, and the Law of methodology. The Civil Law was a significant one to the individuals. It set up a social class framework dependent on a progressive system dependent on riches. The Babylonians had three classes as per the code. They were the freeman or rich individuals, the semi-freeman who had the option to become slaves whenever, and the slaves who were obviously the most reduced class. The following area in the code was the Commercial Law. This had to do with business exchanges and most things identifying with business. It set up 20% loan fees. There was a political economy dependent on financial status. The rich classes were the banks and the more unfortunate class was the indebted individuals. After the Commercial Law came the Penal Law. This had to do with the issue of wrongdoing. The laws were curiously unforgiving do to their ineducation. In spite of this the well off class for the most part delighted in more opportunity from the law than the lower classes. There was no jury in the court back in the hours of Babylon. The code of Hammurabi resembled tit for tat discipline. On the off chance that you murdered somebody than you would be executed. The last law was the Law of Procedures. This managed the route the entirety of different laws were done. It likewise had to do with the manner in which functions were done. These functions could incorporate marriage and different strict service. The primary gathering of individuals to assume control over the Mesopotamia district was the Akkadians. They took over around 200 BC and they were lead by their pioneer Sargon the Great. Sargon was not a decent pioneer and Akkad the domain they assembled was not composed by any stretch of the imagination. It had no general public and no human advancement. Not long after the Akkadians came the Amorites. They were otherwise called the old Babylonians. They assembled the city of Babylon and made it one of the greatest exchange habitats the Middle East. Hammurabi was the King of the Amorites and was celebrated for the code of Hammurabi.

Case Study Of Adidas Management Essay

Contextual analysis Of Adidas Management Essay Adidas is a Germany shoe, garments and clothing organization that likewise own Reebok, Taylor Made and Rockport. Adidas is the biggest sportswear organization in Europe and is the second just to Nike as the biggest sportswear organization on the planet. The organization sports the unmistakable logo of three inclined equal bars of climbing stature. Adidas was established in 1924 by Adolf Dassler, yet it didn't turn into a completely enlisted organization until 1940. Its central station are situated in Herzogenaurach, Germany, the old neighborhood of its organizer. Albeit many accept that Adidas represents All day I long for soccer the genuine starting point of the name originates from the amalgamation of Adolfs epithet, Adi, and the initial three letter of his last name. Adidas has some expertise in the plan and assembling of footwear, sportswear, athletic gear and, truly, even toiletries, most remarkably, antiperspirant. Be that as it may, the organization previously increased worldwide acknowledgment in 1936 at the Summer Olympic in Berlin, where it furnished U.S. track star Jesse Owens with its track shoes. Owens won four gold decorations in the games. With an explicitly expressed Corporate Strategy, the organization needs to guarantee that their hierarchical structure will take into consideration and be adaptable to this methodology being looked for after. Their goals laid out in the corporate system guarantee the statement of purpose will convert without hesitation, while likewise managing and organizing choices. There is no reason in having all around considered key goals, however no structure and union to achieve these destinations. The Adidas Group contains a four man official board, including one Chief Executive Officer and three board individuals speaking to the investors and six individuals speaking to the staff. The Supervisory Board advices and directs the official board in issue concerning the administration of the organization. It is the job of the administrative board to guarantee that the pathway and vision decide by the official board is straightforwardly trailed by the remainder of the association from the top, righ t down to those endowed with assembling their items. The qualities of ADIDAS are solid supervisory group and great corporate procedure in North American and abroad markets, brand acknowledgment and notoriety, assorted variety and assortment in creations offered on the web (footwear, clothing, donning, gear, and so forth.), solid command over its own dissemination channel, solid client base, and solid monetary situation with negligible long haul obligations. Shortcoming of ADIDAS is negative picture depicted by poor working condition in its abroad industrial facilities, and E-business is constrained to USA. 2.0 Management Association and the administration exercises essential for the working of the association, the board can be characterized as the way toward arranging, sorting out, driving and controlling the assets of the association to foreordained expressed hierarchical objectives as profitably as could be expected under the circumstances. A succinct depiction of every one of the central administration capacities will additionally clarify the idea of the executives and the idea of the administration procedure. Arranging Controlling Driving Sorting out Assets Human Money related Physical Data Execution Accomplish objectives Items Administrations Efficiency Benefit Figure 1 the four crucial administration capacities establishing the administration procedure. 2.1 Planning Arranging is the initial step of the capacity of the board. Arranging includes choosing ahead of time what must be done, when, how and whom it must be done and how the outcomes are to be assessed. The capacity of what must be done includes distinguishing proof of choices and determination of one of them. As indicated by Henri Fayol, it is the game plan to be followed, the phases to experience and strategies to utilize. It is sorts of future picture wherein proximate occasions are laid out with some uniqueness whist remote occasions show up continuously less particular. The term arranging has been characterized by various administration scholars who laid accentuation on the different highlights of arranging. As indicated by George R. Terry, arranging is the choosing and relating of realities and the creation and utilizing of suspicions with respect to the future in the perception and definition of proposed exercises accepted important to accomplish the ideal outcomes. An arrangement resembles a guide, when you following an arrangement, you can generally perceive the amount you have advanced towards your venture objective and how far you are from your goal. Knowing where you are is fundamental for using sound judgment on where to go or what to do straightaway. The most significant is to guarantee that everybody is away from what to achieve. Arranging importance is the manner by which defining objectives and characterizing the activities important to accomplish the objectives, considering the circumstance. That is circumstance must be examinations or comprehended and the suitable objectives and activities must be resolved so as to make the most of chances and how to take care of issues. Essential administration work including definition more than one point by point intends to accomplish ideal equalization of requirements or requests with accessible assets. In the first place, the arranging procedure is recognizes the objectives or targets to be accomplished and defines techniques to accomplish them. The Managers all through the association must create objectives, technique, and operational designs for their work bunches that add to the achievement of the associations in general. Arranging is likewise pivotal for addressing your necessities during each activity with your time, cash, or different assets. With cautious arranging you regularly can check whether sooner or later you are probably going to confront an issue. It is a lot simpler to alter your arrangement to maintain a strategic distance from beat emergency, as opposed to manage the emergency when it comes unforeseen time. Model Adidas plans to extend their activities in Europe, so they need discussion to the Government of Germany. They have been conceded landing rights in Paris and are anticipating further subtleties from specialists. Also, arranging has an alternate significan ce relying upon the political or monetary setting where it is utilized. Two mentalities to arranging should be held in pressure from one perspective we should be plan for what may lie ahead, which may mean possibilities and adaptable procedures. There is one thing on which each director can hope to be evaluated, the degree to which the person documents their units objectives or targets. Regardless of whether its a work group or a monster undertaking, the administrator in control is required to push the unit forward, and this implies envisioning where the unit must go and helping het there. Association ways out to accomplish some reason, and on the off chance that they neglect to push ahead and accomplish their points, to that degree they have fizzled. Then again, our future is formed by outcomes of our own arranging and activities. Arranging in association and open strategy is both the hierarchical procedure of making and keeping up a program. In the mental procedure of pondering the exercises required to set an ideal objective or objective on some scale. Business arranging resembles water to a parched plant. It keeps our business indispensable and flourishing. Without business arranging, business will never improve as it could may even lose or bankrupt. Numerous independent venture or slow down proprietors dont have the business arranging so they cannot win so much benefit when their working together. Their business incapable further advancement and stale it is, inevitably as to near close shop or behind different contenders. The quick of progress in todays business world and globalization is making it progressively fundamental that troughs keep their arrangements current. Key administration is the use of the essential arranging process at the most significant levels of the association. Through the key administration process, top administration decides the since quite a while ago show heading and execution of the association to guaranteeing cautious plan and methodologies. For instance, top administration may approach center and lower-level administrators for inputs when detailing top-level plans. When top-level plans have been settled, diverse hierarchical units might be approached to detail plans for their separate territories. A legitimate vital administration process guarantees that plans all through the various degrees of the association are composed and commonly strong. The trademark of Adidas is Impossible is Nothing. The mission of Adidas is to be Best Sport Brand on the planet. They had accomplished the mission however in this solid serious time, too many organization like Nike and Reebok additionally need to be universally perceived brand, yet they will make a solid effort to accomplish their objectives. Adidas is enthusiastic pretty much all games. So Adidas Company will attempt their best for arranging new item or gear for competitors. As a component of their End-to-End Planning activity they have been concentrating on actualizing an advanced interest arranging procedure and framework in excess of 20 nations in Europe. They normalized or incompletely mechanized certain arranging capacities to build estimate precision. Following the primary influx of executions in 2008, they proceeded with the turn out to the staying European nations all through 2009. In the future, they hope to proceed with the turn out to other key Adidas Group markets, for e xample, Japan. They set up a committed Profitability Management division to screen macroeconomics patterns, gauge the effect on item and provider cost and devises their flexibly chain gainfulness system. Furthermore, their advancement groups additionally contribute essentially to this activity by designing their items with a more grounded center around cost. All through 2009, they additionally drew in their provider with the plan to build straightforwardness and consistency in costing. For example, they firmly followed crude material expenses and utilized this data to unite volumes. This permitted them to haggle all the more adequately and counterbalance cost increment. Moreover, their sourcing groups improved their items distribution procedure to more readily use providers top

Working capital efficiency of private and public sector enterprises - Free Essay Example

An attempt is made to study the fundamentals of working capital management and these are utilized to compare the working capital efficiency of public private sector enterprises by taking cases of two disparate business firms. Purpose of the study The disclosure of factors which are responsible for formation of a disparity in the management of the current assets and liabilities between the private the public sector business enterprises is a genuinely multifaceted charge. The research is an attempt to compare the working capital management of private sector and public sector business enterprises. Significance of the study Working capital for any business enterprise is the nervous system for its operations. None of the businesses can efficiently survive in the long run without maintaining a sufficient level of working capital. It is vital for its sole existence in the corporate environment. The management of working capital is one of the most pertinent functions of enterprise. Any business entity having sufficient level of working capital would always be in a better position to get advantages or benefits of any uncertain opportunity either to buy higher levels of raw materials or attain a special sort of a tender offer or to wait for the right moment to get back to the enhanced and improved market circumstances. Working capital can be employed for the lease payment, payroll of an employee of the organization, all the everyday operating costs involved. This working capital is also an essential element when circumstances of unexpected elements arise. The growth of the organization on the whole depends on the efficient effective management and utilization of working element. So, it should be dealt with properly. Working capital also proves to be an essential element to generate revenues, returns dividends for the stakeholders. Inefficient handling and allocation of working capital would lead to poor results and would substantiate the benefits of financials on the short term basis. To attain objectives of profitability and sustained growth for the business enterprise, the efficient and effective management of the working capital becomes the most essential element. The management of this working capital is a tedious task, as it varies across businesses on the basis of elements like actual nature of the enterprise, the kind of raw materials utilized for operations, the technology deployed, finished goods maintained, level of inventory its management, credit policy undertaken by the firm etc. Also, a noteworthy amount of finance is required for the lasting investment in dissimi lar forms of current assets. In this paper, the management of working capital with respect to the private public sector business enterprises will be discussed taking an example case. The sector for the comparison will be the iron steel diligence. Some of the prominent features reflected are the following: The outline of alterations in the actual amount of the current assets is almost similar for both the enterprises. Utilization of short term financing to meet the lack of inventory or cash shortages is almost equal in both the private public sector enterprises. These two sectors classify the sections of the current assets current liabilities in a similar format. The sales revenues are improved by increased efficiency in the management of the working capital. The profitability and retained earnings therefore dividends paid to the companys shareholders are improved by proper management of working capital. Methodology The methodology for this paper is as follows: In review of literature, the theory on working capital management has been analyzed. The analysis of survey data section compares contrasts the working capital ratios of both the public private sector enterprises. In the later part of the paper, conclusion recommendations have been discussed. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Working Capital Management Working capital basically refers to the money value difference between the current assets the current assets of a firm. It is equal to Net Working Capital. Some of the financial analysts like to consider just the current assets which include cash marketable securities, inventory the receivables. The administration enforced deployed by the firm to manage the current assets the actual financing needed by the firm to support the present needs is referred to as Working Capital Management. Working capital is one of the most essential elements of any firms financials. The current assets of a characteristic manufacturing company account for more than half of the total assets. It may even account for more for a distribution company. Excessive disproportionate levels of current assets can easily lead to substandard levels of ROI (return on investment) realization. Also the other way round, maintaining very less current assets may lead to opportunity losses, shortages, would face d ifficulty in maintaining executing smooth operations. The current liabilities are the primary source of financing from external sources, if we consider smaller sized firms. The fast growing large sized companies also include financing based on current liabilities. It is the direct responsibility of the financial manager to manage the cash marketable securities, accounts payables, accounts receivables, other mechanisms to deploy short term financing. But the management of inventories isnt under the discretion of the financial manager. Thus, a good proportion of the financial manager time should be dedicated for the management of the working capital as it is pertinent to a firms profitability. Profitability Risk The two underlying fundamental decisions issues for a sound working capital management of a firm are: The optimum level of investment the current assets The correct blend of short term long term financing which would be used to support this investment in current assets. The lessening in level of investment in current assets, while generating proper sales, would definitely increase the firms return on its assets. To the extent that the explicit costs of short term financing, the greater the proportion of short term debt as compared to total debt, the higher is the profitability of the firm. Although the interest rates for short term financing are higher than those involved in the long term financing. Nevertheless, the short term debt are going result in much higher returns as compared to long term debts as debts will be paid during the period when it is not required. These assumptions for profitability suggest us for maintaining a lower level of current assets a greate r proportion of current liabilities. This will result in negative level of the net working capital. Profitability means more risk. Risk here means threat to the firm for improper management to maintain sufficient current assets to Meet the cash obligations that the firm incurs Sustain the proper levels of sales for example running out of the inventory The two most basic principles involved in management of working capital can be listed as: Profitability varies inversely with liquidity Profitability moves together with risk. Permanent working capital may be defined as the amount of current assets required in order to meet a firms long term need on a minimum level. Temporary working capital may be defined as the sum of current assets that differ with seasonal needs. If a firm decides to adopt a hedging i.e. maturity matching approach to financing, each asset would be an offset, to a similar financial instrument of almost the same maturity levels. The seasonal v ariations short term in current assets should be financed with short term debts. The permanent component of the current assets, also the set of fixed assets should be financed with long term debt. If we try to generalise the facts, the longer the composite maturity schedule of the financials utilised by the firm, the less risk is associated with it. Nevertheless, the longer this maturity schedule, the costlier the finance is ought to be. Thus, there is a trade-off existing between profitability risk. The working capital requirements of a firm are dependent on a number of factors. Some of the important ones are the following: Nature of the business enterprise The nature of the business enterprise the working capital requirements of the firm are interlinked. The manufacturing sectors have a longer cycle of operation, the services sectors have a comparatively shorter cycle of working capital. This amount varies as business engaged in production activities would require more amount of working capital. Manufacturing Policies Every firm will have different set of manufacturing principles. For example, some of the firms would like to continuing to follow uniform policies even if there are fluctuations is demand, some would prefer to follow principle based on the varying demand. Thus, the working capital requirements for both the firms would be dissimilar. Market Conditions Market conditions like higher competition, need for faster delivery of goods services, need for credit etc., the requirements of working capital would be higher. If there is lesser competition in the market, the requirements of working capital will be lesser. Availability of raw materials If there is constant ready availability of raw material, concept of JIT may be implemented, and the need to maintain inventory warehouses diminishes. On the other way round, inventory has to be maintained thereby increasing the working capital requirements. Growth Expansion Wh en growths expansions take place for an organization, the enhanced requirements of working capital arises. There is a need for larger set of working capital to fund the business activities. Price level changes If there is a trend of increasing price levels, a requirement of higher investment in the working capital arises. There is a need to enhance the investments in the current assets, thereby altering the working capital requirements. Manufacturing Cycle The manufacturing cycle basically may be defined as the period from the purchase of raw material to the fabrication of finished products. Longer the manufacturing cycle, the need for working capital increases. Some of the consequences of under-assessment of Working Capital are the following: The growth of the business firm may get stunted. Due to non-availability of adequate amount of working capital, undertaking of opportunistic profitable projects on the part of the firm becomes difficult. The implementatio n of strategic, tactical operational plans becomes difficult, resulting in lower profitability. A crisis in cash may emerge because of scarcity of working capital. The fixed assets may not be utilised to optimum level capacity due to lower availability of funds. Te credibility of the business enterprise may be adversely affected as it would fail to tribute to its prior commitments. This may lead to future business relations closure. To obtain cash, the firm may be forced to purchase raw materials on credit sell its finished products on cash. These quick actions may increase the purchase costs reduce the selling costs because of possibility of discounts to be offered. These situations greatly hamper the profitability of the business enterprise. It may lead to stoppage or slow down of production process because of non-availability of working capital funds. Some of the consequences of over-assessment of Working Capital are the following: It may lead to pointless building up of inventory, thereby increasing carrying costs. The firm may become tolerant enough to provide liberal credit terms to the buyers, may result in a poor management of cash recovery mechanism. The management may become complacent over satisfied, resulting in inefficient operations. The capital gets less productive it may lead to reduction in ROI (return on investment). METHODOLOGY Procedures The research methodology used for collecting the data was primarily of secondary nature. The data was collected from the annual reports of the two companies provided by various web sites like moneycontrol.com were studied comprehensively and analysed to arrive at a result. Calculations for the regression analysis have been performed using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, by putting the values in the appropriate formulae. Participants The research has been conducted solely by the author. No other participants were involved in the research no surveys were conducted. The data have been collected from the internet analysis has been performed based on the results arising from the calculations performed. Instrumentation The data collected have been depicted in relational format. Graphs and pie-charts have also been included to demonstrate the trends in market conditions and comparison of the same over the past years. ANALYSIS OF DATA The following tables show the various working capital ratios and other important functionalities for the financial years 2006-2010. The regression analysis is conducted the results are presented in the 3rd table. TISCO Working Capital Management Ratios Ratios Financial Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio It measures the ability of the firm to meet the current liabilities with current assets. Current Assets Current Liabilities 1.203 1.113 2.513 5.461 Quick ratio It measure the ability of the firm to meet the current liabilities with the highly liquid current assets Current Assets less inventories Current Liabilities 0.597 0.542 2.085 5.075 Cash Proportion ratio It identifies the measured proportion of cash included in the assets 0.07 0.067 0.571 0.023 Working Capital Efficiency Working Capital Turnover It measure the usage of working capital to generate sales revenue over a given period of time. Sales Working Capital 41.41 39.33 2.394 0.735 Inventory Turnover It measures how many times the inventory has been turned over into cash during the year. Cost of Goods sold Inventory 6.094 4. 94 2.385 4.896 Debtors Turnover It measures the no. of times the receivables have been turned over to cash during the year. Annual net credit sales Receivables 25.67 30.67 33.65 37.81 Creditors Turnover It measures the actual rate at which the firm pays off to its suppliers. Total Supplier Purchases Average Accounts Payable 3.61 2.97 2.85 2.42 Asset Turnover It is the amount of revenue created for unit worth of the assets. Revenue Assets 3.89 4.05 1.45 0.7 Working Capital Structure Ratios Current Assets to Total Net Assets Current Assets Total Net Assets 0.337 0.287 0.54 0.79 Current Liabilities to Total Liabilities Currents Liabilities Total Liabilities 0.305 0.273 0.231 0.146 Working Capital Leverage Current Assets/Total Assets ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Current Assets 0.365 0.287 0.858 1.571 RINL Working Capital Management Ratios Ratios Financial Years 2007 2008 2009 2010 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio It measures the ability of the firm to meet the current liabilities with current assets. Current Assets Current Liabilities 6.171 5.182 4.85 3.712 Quick ratio It measure the ability of the firm to meet the current liabilities with the highly liquid current assets Current Assets less inventories Current Liabilities 4.891 4.45 4.45 3.245 Cash Proportion ratio It identifies the measured proportion of cash included in the assets 0.67 0.682 0.823 0.78 Working Capital Efficiency Working Capital Turnover It measure the usage of working capital to generate sales revenue over a given period of time. Sales Working Capital 1.64 1.22 1.08 1.23 Inventory Turnover It measures how many times the inventory has been turned over into cash during the year. Cost of Goods sold Inventory 4.67 4.55 5.0 9 4.64 Debtors Turnover It measures the no. of times the receivables have been turned over to cash during the year. Annual net credit sales Receivables 121.2 78.23 47.84 61.04 Creditors Turnover It measures the actual rate at which the firm pays off to its suppliers. Total Supplier Purchases Average Accounts Payable Asset Turnover It is the amount of revenue created for unit worth of the assets. Revenue Assets 1.23 1.07 0.83 0.84 Working Capital Structure Ratios Current Assets to Total Net Assets Current Assets Total Net Assets 0.72 0.923 0.97 0.98 Current Liabilities to Total Liabilities Currents Liabilities Total Liabilities 0.123 0.17 0.19 0.27 Working Capital Leverage Current Assets/Total Assets ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Current Assets 1.65 1.23 1.25 1.11 D/P Ratio, DPS EPS data Financial Details TISCO RINL FY 1 FY 2 FY 3 FY 4 FY 1 FY 2 FY 3 FY 4 EPS 62.76 410.8 410.8 410.8 410.8 10.79 4.36 3.72 D/P 23.46 DPS 14.84 Regression Analysis Company Regression equation y = c + dx, where x = sales, y = debtors Sales Turnover (in cr. Rs.) Debtors (in cr. Rs.) Debtors turnover ratio (in times) TISCO y = 713.945 0.0075x 20,000 570.768 35.05 RINL y = 22.446 + 0.0117x 22,000 25.467 785.8 Discussions on the basis of management of cash TISCO has the range of composition of the cash balance as compared to the total current assets is between 1% 54%. RINL has the range of composition between 66% and 70%. In 2008-09, the cash balances of TISCO gets to it maximum value it tries to maintain the consistent level of operation. In case of RINL, the cash balances have increased at a fast rate. In case of TISCO, the current ratios and the quick ratios demonstrate a pattern trend in the upward direction. The cash proportion ratios initially increase for the period of 2008-09, but then demonstrate a decreasing pattern. The possible reason in this case can be that the inflow of funds is higher and the loans advances have been created in a greater proportion. In case of RINL, if we leave the cash proportion ratio, the liquidity ratios have tended to fall. The decrement is highest in the financial year 2009-10, as can be seen from the tables. In case of TISCO, the inflow of funds in the initial years of the research ha s been primarily through the operating activities. In the next couple of years, the inflow of funds is from both the operating and financing activities. The inflow of funds from the financing activities has increased through in the later part of this period. If we observe carefully, it can be seen that the outflow of cash in the initial couple of years has been primarily through the financing activities. There has been increase in the investment activities, thereby increasing the cash outflows. In case of RINL, the cash inflow is all the way by the operating activities but there is a decrease till 2008-09. The company had its inflow of cash through investing financing activities for two years out of the 4 years. Cash outflows were also observed for the two years. In case of TISCO, there is an observable difference between the cash obtained from operations before and after the working capital changes because of adjustments. The rate of growth for TISCO has been slow steady in th e domain of depreciation. In case of RINL, the cash obtained from operations before there are alterations in working capital decrease till FY 2007-08 and then the values improve after that. In case of TISCO, the loans advances remain at a higher level than the cash balances for the initial couple of years. The third year comes with an increase in cash balance. In the fourth year again the loans advances exceed the cash balances as it declines with a greater rate. In case of RINL, the cash balances grow with a high rate, but decline in FY 2009-10. The cash balances increase steadily throughout the period. In TISCO, the cash outflows can be observed in the first the fourth year, while cash inflows can be observed in the 2 years which are in between. The interest paid by the company has remained higher than the amount of dividends paid to the shareholders, the amount continuously gradually improves over time. In case of RINL, the cash inflow can be observed in all the 4 year s. Nevertheless, there is decrease in the amount of cash inflow. The firm hasnt declared dividends in these observed financial years. As the dividends havent been paid, the cash outflow because of this has been removed. Other measures of cash outflow such as the financial costs against the long term costs have gradually increased over the 4 years. Discussions on the basis of management of inventory TISCO has maintained a proper level of inventory for the observed period. When we observe the inventory composition, the raw materials the inventory for finished goods have the highest proportion, the values can be seen to be increasing for the complete period. The materials in store can be observed to systematically increase but the values remain below the raw materials finished products. The inventory composition of work in progress has remained lowest for the observed period. In case of RINL, the highest composition is for the work in progress finished products inventory. The raw materials composition comes next the lowest composition is for the materials in store. If we compare the annual revenues sales for TISCO, these have increased gradually for the period span. The annual cost of sales has a larger portion. The annual cost of production has remained low, but an increase can be observed in the year 2009-10. The annual cost of raw materials has remained lower as comp ared with the annual purchases if we leave the year 2006-07. In case of RINL, the annual sales have continuously increased for the period. A substantial difference can be observed between annual revenues and costs. The costs have also increased for the period. The cost of production has remained lower than the cost of production. The cost of raw materials has increased with a certain rate. The working capital to sales ratio for TISCO has remained high for the initial period, but has declined substantially in the next time span. The inventory turnover has remained steady for the period. The assets turnover ratio has the lowest value, and has decreased from the 2nd year. In case of RINL, inventory turnover has remained low. The working capital turnover ratio the assets turnover ratio doesnt show any noteworthy alterations. Discussions on the basis of management of receivables TISCO hasnt been relying on customer advances in order to meet its short term obligations. The values of sundry debtors have increased over the period, but with a gradual degree, as some constancy can been seen. The sundry debtors have remained lower as when compared to the advances from customers. For RINL, sundry debtors decrease in the year 2009-10, other than that there has been a gradual increase. The debtors turnover in case of TISCO has gone down, which symbolises growth prosperity for the company. As the years have passed by, the asset turnover ratio the payables turnover have increased. The creditors turnover has remained under the assets turnover ratio for the period of time. In case of RINL, the debtors turnover ratio has reached its peak value in 2006-07, but has reduced after that year. Based on regression analysis, receivables turnover ratio estimated calculated for TISCO is around 35.04 times. The receivables turnover ratio based on regression analysis for RINL is around 785.8 times is quite high. COMPARATIVE CHARTS: TREND IN WORKING CAPITAL TO SALES RATIO Chart demonstrating the Working Capital to Sales ratio for both companies: CURRENT ASSET COMPOSITION Current assets composition for TISCO over the 4 years: FY 2006-07 FY 2007-08 FY 2008-09 FY 2009-10 Current assets composition for RINL over the 4 years: FY 2006-07 FY 2007-08 FY 2008-09 FY 2009-10 CASH FLOWS Cash flows from diverse activities for RINL Cash flows from diverse activities for TISCO Some of the inferences that can be drawn are: RINL has been a lot conservative regarding the liquidity, as compared to TISCO. The cash producing ability for RINL declines for its operating activities. Therefore, the dependence on other sources for cash requirements is higher. RINL didnt go for any king of acquisition or other action during the period of 4 years. RINL hasnt engaged in payment of dividends to its shareholders. Thus, it can be seen that working capital for any commerce enterprise is the nervous system for its processes. None of the businesses can resourcefully continue to exist in the long run without maintaining a adequate level of working capital. It is vital for its only continuation in the corporate atmosphere. The organization of working capital is one of the most important functions of enterprise. Any business unit having adequate level of working capital would always be in a improved situation to get advantages or remuneration of any uncertain pr ospect either to buy superior levels of raw materials or achieve a special sort of a tender offer or to wait for the right second to get back to the enhanced and improved market conditions. Working capital can be engaged for the lease imbursement, payroll of an member of staff of the organization, all the everyday operating expenses concerned. This working capital is also an essential constituent when circumstances of unforeseen fundamentals arise. The growth of the business on the entire level depends on the efficient effective administration and deployment of working component. So, it should be dealt with appropriately. Working capital also establishes to be an vital element to produce revenues, returns dividends for the stakeholders. Unproductive treatment and allotment of working capital would lead to reduced results and would authenticate the profits of financials on the short term basis. To attain goals of profitability and continued development for the business enter prise, the efficient and valuable management of the working capital becomes the most vital element. The management of this working capital is a dull task, as it varies athwart businesses on the basis of elements like real nature of the enterprise, the kind of raw materials utilized for operations, the expertise deployed, finished commodities maintained, level of inventory its supervision, credit policy undertaken by the firm etc. Also, a noteworthy amount of investment is required for the lasting speculation in disparate forms of current assets. Thus, the management of working capital with respect to the private public sector business enterprises has been discussed taking the example cases of RINL TISCO. The sector for the comparison is the iron steel diligence as it can be observed from the companies taken into consideration. Some of the important characteristics established are the following: The summarization of variations in the actual quantity of the current assets is almost parallel for both the firms. Deployment of short term financing to meet the need of inventory or cash deficiency is almost alike in both the private public sector firms. These two sectors categorize the classes of the current assets current liabilities in a analogous arrangement. The sales revenues are enhanced by increased effectiveness in the organization of the working capital. The profitability and retained earnings consequently dividends rewarded to the companys shareholders are enhanced by proper administration of working capital. Based on the above inferences, it can said strongly that the working capital management policies of private sector enterprises are different than that of the public sector enterprises. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION Working capital basically refers to the money value difference between the current assets the current assets of a firm. It is equal to Net Working Capital. Some of the financial analysts like to consider just the current assets which include cash marketable securities, inventory the receivables. The administration enforced deployed by the firm to manage the current assets the actual financing needed by the firm to support the present needs is referred to as Working Capital Management. The research was an attempt to compare the working capital management of private sector and public sector business enterprises. The disclosure of factors which are responsible for formation of a disparity in the management of the current assets and liabilities between the private the public sector business enterprises is a genuinely multifaceted charge. The decision making prototypes at the various stages are quite different for the two. Also, the organisational culture, the working environme nt and atmosphere vary to a great degree when the two enterprise segments are compared. Thus, these impacts can be studied from the operational activities. The actual model of deployment of the current assets and the management of current liabilities varies when the two sector enterprises are simultaneously compared. The analysis is limited to the iron steel industry segment in India. TISCO (Tata Iron Steel Company) and RINL (Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited) correspond to the private sector and the public sector enterprises respectively. The financial data was extorted from the annual reports published by the companies and through various financial portals like moneycontrol.com between the years 2006-07 and 2009-10. From the analysis conducted, it can be inferred that the management of working capital of both the private public sector firms is almost similar in the iron steel industry. Based on the above inferences, it can said strongly that the working capital management po licies of private sector enterprises are different than that of the public sector enterprises.

Comparing Attentional Capture By Rare And Constant, Novel,...

Attentional Capture by Rare and Constant, Novel, Sudden Onset Stimuli Samuel Tong (450472150) ABSTRACT Novel and rare sudden onset stimuli are known to attract attention in different situations. Previously Yantis Jonides (1990) have shown novel sudden onsets capture attention mainly when attention is diffuse, and Neo Chua (2006) have shown rare sudden onsets capture attention so long as attention is not already pre-deployed to a stationary target. The current study aims to examine the interaction between rarity of a novel, sudden onset and attention pre-deployment by cues or stationary targets, and how this interaction affects the attentional capture of novel sudden onsets. In doing so, a better understanding of how these stimuli affect attentional processes may be established. Based upon the experimental findings, it is proposed that when a sudden onset stimulus is both rare and novel, the attentional capture processes when perceiving these stimuli are influenced by perceptual load and modes of attention. Implications of these findings are discussed further in the paper. Attentional Capture by Rare and Constant Novel Sudden Onset Stimuli Attentional capture is controlled by top down, goal orientated processes, or by bottom up, stimulus orientated processes (Wolfe, 1994, as cited by Emerson Kramer, 1997). Stimuli that appear suddenly, or sudden onset stimuli, are known to attract attention in a bottom-up fashion (Donderi, Zelnicker 1996, asShow MoreRelatedOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagespoints out that there are important differences between OCD and other anxiety disorders, including possible differences in biochemistry, presence of greater functional impairment in OCD, and the increased complexity and vagueness of the fear-eliciting stimuli in OCD. Others suggest that OCD may share a common etiology with chronic (multiple) tic disorder and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (see review by O’Connor, 2001). It is also possible that the greater symptom variability and abstract nature of many

The Government Finance Officers Association - 1918 Words

The Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA) budget criteria framework covers 27 budgeting categories and was launched in 1984 to encourage the preparation of high quality budgets (Bland, 211). The following memo evaluates the budget of the City of Lake Oswego using GFOA’s Distinguished Budget Presentation Awards Criteria, and also compares it to the budget of the City of Detroit. The City of Lake Oswego is primarily a residential community outside of Portland with about 37,000 residents. The city is growing at a rate of .2% annually and has a median household income of about $84,000. The average unemployment rate is 5.4% (â€Å"City of Lake Oswego Demographics†). In contrast, the City of Detroit has a population of 685,000 residents,†¦show more content†¦Lake Oswego’s budget mentions its financial policies throughout its budget document, but it does not present information about financial policies in one place. For example, the Budget Process and Philosophy section states that â€Å"expenditures can never exceed available resources†, but it does not explain that Oregon law requires local budgets to balance their budgets (City of Lake Oswego, 3). The Michigan Budget Act similarly requires cities to adopt balanced budgets, but the Budget of Detroit does not mention this policy in its budget either. Neither Lake Oswego nor Detroit describe their budgeting process in their budgets, and neither document has a separate section that describes the city’s financial policies. Including a separate section on financial policy would make these budgets more transparent for the public. Lake Oswego provides a solid overview of its current economic indicators and financial trends (City of Lake Oswego, 13). It also describes unmet infrastructure needs and its plan to maintain assets instead of taking on new projects in its Budget Message (City of Lake Oswego, 1-2). However, while short-term trends are addressed, a more direct connection could be made between these trends and their specific impacts on the budget. Furthermore, the budget did not address the city’s

Marriage culture of Canada and India-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Marriage culture and example related to Canada and India. Answer: Introduction Marriage practices differ across different societies. Every culture bears their unique method of conducting marriage based on their customs and traditions (Ravelli Webber, 2014). The majority of the cultures more regularly reveal prevalent customs and practices, whilst a few have distinctive practices (Ravelli Webber, 2014). Marriage regards to sociable union which is agreed on by couples to unite as spouses. The union of the couples typically signifies sexual dealings, permanence in unification, and procreation (Ravelli Webber, 2014). This research would certainly give attention to this cultural practice and give examples which are associated to Canadian and Indian culture. There is certainly distinction which is present between the two cultures. The institution of marriage practice is treated differently in Canada and India. There are significant different which are observed (Ravelli Webber, 2014). In Canada the marriage practice are not so significant and partners are free to choose, follow a common or even choose even a combination of the practices (Watson, 2017). The Canadians have not regularly followed on their practices and traditions and in some cases they have employed other practices (maplediversity.ca). The Canadian tradition is not sturdy in relation to the institution of spousal relationship as it is in India (Ravelli Webber, 2014). The society absolutely does not deem the marriage institution; its relevance generally comes after career and financial matters (Ravelli Webber, 2014). This really is evident in the way the society sees marriage; they are secondary to financial matters and careers (offbeatmarriage.com). In India they highly regards the institution of marriage, in the one of the survey which was don e in 2013, it showed that divorce cases in India was 1.01% of the entire population (Watson, 2017). This statistics shows that these individual value marriage. The wedding customs in different cultures vary significantly based on the varying factors such as culture, social norm and even religion (Whyte, 2018). In Canada before the weeding; there is a selection or a color scheme of which some has to match everything from the bridesmaids dresses, flowers, decorations and invitations (Ravelli Webber, 2014). In most of the cases the bride family throws a party for groom which is regarded as the bachelor party. During wedding, it can take place anywhere but of the times is at church (Virdi, 2017). When looking at India, before the wedding there are rituals which are performed. The initial one is regarded as Misri-which is ring exchange ceremony (Saagar Vini, 2018). Another one is Mehendi, which takes place before the day of the wedding at the ladies only afternoon tea (Whyte, 2018). During the weeding there are Jaimala which is exchange of Garlands, and Madhupak which is offering of the yogurt and honey (Hou, Wu, Schimmele Myles, 2015). All t hese shows that the customs between these two countries varies significantly even during the wedding ceremony to celebrate the union between the couples. Conclusion In both Canada and India they treat the marriage in a different manner. The marriage practices are significant in Canada and partners are free to choose, adopt typical or choose a combination of practices. Canadians have regularly adhered to their very own practices and traditions and other instances utilized other practices. Nevertheless, the Canadian culture is not sturdy on the institution of marriage as compared to Indians. In India marriage practices have remained consistent and that has been evident from the few divorce cases which has been occurred based on the statistics. References Hou, F., Wu, Z., Schimmele, C., Myles, J. (2015). Cross-country variation in interracial marriage: a USACanada comparison of metropolitan areas. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(9), 1591-1609. maplediversity.ca. (2018). Leveraging the Big Fat Indo-Canadian Wedding. Retrieved from. https://maplediversity.ca/leveraging-the-big-fat-indo-canadian-wedding/ offbeatmarriage.com. (2017). Canadian Indian Intercultural Marriage: True Love Knows No Color. Retrieved from: https://offbeatmarriage.com/canadian-indian-intercultural- marriage-true-love-knows-no-color Ravelli, B., Webber, M. (2014). Exploring Sociology: The Concise Edition. Pearson Education Canada. Saagar Vini. (2018). Canadian Wedding vs. Indian Wedding. Retrieved from. https://infogram.com/canadian-wedding-vs-indian-wedding-1g6qo2qq4vgy278 Saagar Vini. (2018). Canadian Wedding vs. Indian Wedding. Retrieved from. https://infogram.com/canadian-wedding-vs-indian-wedding-1g6qo2qq4vgy278 Virdi, M. K. (2017). Marriage/breakdown amongst Punjabi-Sikhs in Canada: a legal ethnography of disputants,(un) official forums, and access to family justice in Ontario, Canada (Doctoral dissertation, SOAS University of London). Watson, S. (2017). 19 unusual wedding traditions from around the world. Retrieved from. https://www.elitesingles.ca/en/mag/find-match/wedding-traditions Whyte, M. K. (2018). Dating, mating, and marriage. Routledg

My American Journey Essays - Recipients Of The Legion Of Merit

My American Journey Book Report on Colin Powell's My American Journey Introduction Retired General Colin Powell is the former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He spent a career in the United States Army lasting 35 years. He retired at the rank of four star general. He started his military education and career at the City College of New York in 1954. He was the son of Luther and Arie Powell of New York, born on the 5th of April 1937. His parents were meager people and he lived in a rented apartment until the age of 4 when he moved to the South Bronx where he finished his lower education and received his high school diploma. Upon graduating high school he applied to two universities, New York University (NYU) and the City College of New York (CCNY). He was accepted to both of the colleges but due to a price difference, NYU was $750 and CCNY was $10 a Year, he enrolled in CCNY. He was commissioned out of the CCNY ROTC program 4 years later and entered the army in June of 1958. After the officer's basic course and various other military courses he received his fi rst duty station as a platoon leader in the 3rd Armor Division in West Germany. From here began what came to be a most illustrious military career, consisting of a command track from platoon level to the commander of FORSCOM with numerous White House positions. He retired from his last command, the Army's highest-ranking Military Officer, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He was also asked by many of his supporters to run for the office of President, which he declined. The City College of New York ROTC The book contained information on Colin Powell that proved more interesting as the page number increased. Some of the events of his life were more interesting than other parts. How his Army career started as a ROTC cadet and not an academy student was surprising to find out. General Powell was also able to serve two tours of Duty in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Racism also played a significant role in the career of this acclaimed Army general. The entire book is complete with many different scenarios with many of his different leadership, but these points provided a base for his career. At CCNY Colin Powell would get his first glimpse of the United States Army. He started his college education majoring in engineering and ended changing it to geology the second semester. He decided after an engineering class that engineering was not for him and needed to find something more suitable to his academic appetite. His parents and relatives were appalled by this decision because the job prospects for geologists weren't such a great aspect for a young black college graduate. He had found information on ROTC and decided to give the program a chance. Here he found his place in life and decided that he would receive the Army commission and become a lieutenant upon graduation. This also satisfied the worried family members because this job promised a pension after 20 years of service. While in ROTC he was asked to join a number of military clubs and fraternities. He accepted the invitation from the ?Pershing Rifles.? At this time this was the most elite of the military groups and had the most closeness between members. The ROTC program at CCNY consisted of fourteen hundred cadets and competition for the top positions was tight. It was in ROTC where Colin Powell experienced his first run in with racism in the military. He was chosen the best cadet of Company D and then from there went up for the best cadet of the entire program. He was able to take a secure second place in this competition. It was at this time one of the cadre came to him and told him that he knew why he did not get the first position. He told him that the reason was because the rest of the cadre did not want to admit that the best cadet at CCNY was a Negro. It didn't quite strike home upon hearing the statement, Colin had said that

Holocaust - The Destruction Process essays

Holocaust - The Destruction Process essays During the period from the early 1930's to the mid 40's, the Jews in Germany, Poland, and throughout Europe faced intense discrimination from the Nazis. Starting with boycotts and pogroms, the Nazis proceeded to institute legislation against the Jews with the Nuremberg Laws. Institution of ghettos began in the late 1930's. A climate of hostility against Jews had been methodically and relentlessly established. The Holocaust was a systematic destruction process, which, in a very rational, bureaucratic and almost scientific fashion, developed the way for expropriation of property, suppression of rights, and ultimately for extermination camps. From a legal point of view, the first years of the Nazis in power were very important. Nazi propaganda started with the first phase of the destruction process: defamation. Nazis began to erase the rights of Jews and other party enemies soon after Hitler became Chancellor in January of 1933. To be more specific, on March 23, 1933, the Enabling Act was passed, a law authorizing the government to issue legislation, even if that legislation deviated from the Reich Constitution. One example of this legislation is a series of laws that were created for banning "non-Aryans" from civil service, the legal, medical, and dental professions, teaching positions, cultural and entertainment enterprises, and the press. (The Law for the restoration of the Professional Civil Service, A Holocaust Reader, Dawidowicz, p. 35). On September 15, 1935, at the party rally, the Nuremberg Laws were announced. "A Reich citizen is only that subject of German or kindred blood" (Reich Citizen Law of 1935). Therefore, Jews no longer were German citizens; they were subjects. To protect the "German Blood and German Honor," they were forbidden to marry "Aryans" and forbidden to fly the Reich and national flags (Protection of German Blood and German Honor of 1935). The testimonies of Ruth Kent, a Holocaust survivor, show how the...

Immunology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Immunology - Essay Example 006) Researches have also made it clear that cats living in urban areas (40%) are more likely to be infected than the ones living in rural areas(6%) (Little, 2006) The FeLV virus is a fragile virus and can survive for only two hours in a dry environment and 48 hours in damp and moist surroundings. Though it is contagious, it can only be transmitted among cats; it cannot potentially infect humans. Within cats, it is transmitted via intimate moist contact through licking, biting, grooming or eating from the same source. It can also be transmitted through urine, feces and milk. It is also transmitted from an infected mother to her new born kitten (Hoover & Mullins, 1991) It is usually categorised in the following four classes- FeLV A, B, C and T. Out of these, only FeLV A is transmissible among cats, while the others arise de novo. While FeLV A causes severe immunosuppression, FeLV B and C cause neoplastic diseases and anemia respectively (Poulet et al,2003) Once a cat is exposed to the virus, there are four possible consequences, depending on the response of the immune system. In about 30% of the cats, the virus evokes a strong immune response, which in turn extinguishes the virus. In another 30% the cats’ immune system does not produce an immediate immune reaction. At the same time though, the virus does not manifest its potential effects. It resides safely in a dormant state in the cats’ bone marrow. It might express itself later or may remain dormant forever. In the remaining 40% of the cats, the virus is successful and the cats become infected. (Hoover, Mullins, 1991) Once the virus actively infects a cat, it can have hazardous effects. It can lead to cancerous diseases like leukemia and lymphosarcoma. It also leads to a generalized suppression of the immune system, and may also cause reproductive ailments. Besides these, it also damages the liver and intestine, and is also capable of causing blood infections (Little,2006) A few tests have been devised

Argumentative (Should marijuana be legalized in the U.S.) Essay

Argumentative (Should marijuana be legalized in the U.S.) - Essay Example The legalization of marijuana is the focus of contemporary debate in the US. Colorado and Washington have legalized its use and several other states appear poised to follow suit. Legal penalties for the possession of marijuana are being lifted and decriminalized. This legalization of marijuana is extremely bad for society and deserves to be strongly opposed. Marijuana should not be legalized in the US because it has adverse health effects, and legalization will increase its use and its cost burdens. Marijuana has adverse physical and mental effects, as illustrated by the health problems associated with its usage. According to the National Institute on Drug Usage, marijuana smoking affects the brain and leads to impaired short-term memory, perception, judgment and motor skills. Marijuana users also experience difficulty in concentration, trance-like states, lowered driving and other psychomotor skills, slowed reaction time, impaired goal-directed mental activity, and altered periphera l vision. In another example in the New England Journal of Medicine, 45% of reckless drivers (excluding those under the influence of alcohol), tested positive for marijuana.   Intense anxiety, panic attacks or paranoia are also seen in cases of marijuana usage. Marijuana cigarettes contain the carcinogen Benzopyrene which is linked to lung cancer. Other symptoms include airway injury, acute  and chronic bronchitis, inflamed sinuses, lung inflammation, and vulnerability to pulmonary infection. Marijuana weakens the body’s immune system and leads to decreased motivation. It affects the hormones, resulting in delayed puberty, low sperm count and menstrual disruption  (Frontline). The legalization of marijuana will increase its availability and its use. This is particularly disturbing as â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, with nearly 17 million Americans age 12 and older reporting past?month use, and 374,000 people entering an emer gency room annually with a primary marijuana problem† (White House web site). Legalization would naturally result in a steep fall in marijuana prices, making it affordable to more users, especially adolescents. This is illustrated by the case of gambling, tobacco and alcohol: statistics show that legalization increased use and availability. The Netherlands is a real-time example. Data from the Rand Corp. shows that, with marijuana legalization, its use â€Å"increased consistently and sharply† and tripled among young adults. Legalization â€Å"triggered commercialization† (Sabet). This result will be multiplied in America's ad-driven culture. The promise of profit will encourage aggressive marketing. Closer to home, we have the example of Alaska. Alaska legalized marijuana in the 1970’s. Subsequently, â€Å"teen marijuana use jumped to twice the national average† (CNBC). The state recriminalized marijuana in 1990.    The legalization of marijuana will increase cost burdens. The tax revenue generated through the legalization of marijuana will be off-set by higher social costs. This is again illustrated by the precedent of tobacco and alcohol. The Federal and State tax on alcohol is â€Å"less than 10 percent of the estimated $185 billion in alcohol?related costs to health care, criminal justice, and the workplace in lost productivity† (White House).   Similarly, the annual social cost of smoking lags far behind the tax revenue generated by tobacco. It is estimated that 9 percent of marijuana

Theories of International Trade and Investment Essay Example for Free

Theories of International Trade and Investment Essay Objectives: 1. Theories of international trade and investment 2. why do nations trade? 3. How can nations enhance competitive advantage? 4. Why and how do firms internationalize? 5. How can internationalizing firms gain and sustain competitive advantage? Mercantillism: belief popular in 16th century National prosperity results from maximizing exports and minimizing imports Nonmercantillism: today some argue nation should run a trade surplus labot unions protect domestic jobs farmers keep crop prices high manufacturers some rely on exports Free Trade: absense of restrictions to the flow of goods/services among nations ** Best because it leads to: more/beter choices for consumers/firms lower prices of goods for consumers/firms higher profits/better worker wages imported input goods usually cheaper higher living standards for consumers costs are lower greater prosperity in poor countries Competitive Advantage: foundation concept of international trade. Answers how nations can achieve and sustain economic success/prosperity Superior features of a country that provide it with unique benefits in global competition comparitive advantages are derived either from natural endowments/deliberate national policies **In a firm: Distinctive Assets/competencies/capabilities that are developed or acuired Ex: Saudi Arabia has a natural abundance of oil petroleum products Ex: France climate/soil for producing wine Absolute Advantage: country should produce only those products in which it has absolute advantage or can produce using fewer resources that another country Comparative Advantage: Beneficial for two countries to trade even if one has absolute advantage in the production of all products. **Efficiancy in which it can product the product is the most important Ratio of production costs is key This pplies to all goods shows how countried use scarce resources more efficiently Limitations of Early Trade Theories: Fail to account for international transportation costs Govts distort normal trade / selectively imposing protectionism (tarrifs) or (subsidies) Services some cant be traded. Others can be traded freely over internet Factor Proportions Theory: Factor Endowments Theory each country should produce and export products that need high production Import goods that and don’t need production ** Leontief Paradox revealed that countries can export products that use less resources and be successful International Product Life Cycle Theory Each product and its associated manufacturing go through 3 stages of evolution: introduction inventor country enjoys a monopoly in manufacturing/exports. Ex: TV Set maturity Products manufacturing becomes standardized other countries start producing and exporting the product standardization manufacturing ceases in innovator country becomes net importor of the product. Totally under globalization cycle occurs quickly New Trade Theory economies of scale are an important factor in some industries for superior international performance. Even in absense of superior comparative advantage some succeed best as their volume increases Ex: commercial aircraft industry has very high fixed costs need high volume sales to achieve profit Critical Role of  Innovation in National Economic Success Innovation is KEY source of competitive advantage Firms innovate in 4 major ways: 1. new product/improve an existing product 2. new manufacturing 3. new marketing 4. new ways of organizing Many innovative firms in a nation leads to national competitive advantage Critical Role of Productivity in National Economic Success productivity is the value of the output produced by a unit of labor or capital it is a key source of competitive advantage for firms the greater the productivity of the firm, the more efficiently it uses its resources aggregate productivity is a key determinate of the nations standard of living Michael Porters Diamond Model: Sources of National Competitive Advantage Diamond Model Factor Conditions: quality and quantity of labor, natural resources, capital, tech, know-how, entrepreneurship, other production Ex: an abundance of cost-effective and well educated workers give china a competitive advantage in the production of laptops Related Supporting Industries: presence of suppliers, competitors, complementary firms that excel within a given industry Demand Conditions at home: strengths and sophistication of customer demand firm strategy, structure, and rivalry: the nature of domestic rivalry, and conditions that determine how a nations firms are created, organized, and managed Industiral Cluster suppliers/supporting firms from the same industry located within the same geographic area strong cluster can be sxport platform for a nation Proactive economic development plan employed by the govt. nurture/support promising industry sectors with potential for regional or global dominance Tax Incentives Monetary fiscal policies Rigorous educational syst em Investment in national infrastructure strong legal regulatory systems

What is science? :: essays research papers

Science is a method of understanding how things work. It is important because we need science in order for things to work and to develop new technology that is used in every day life. It is personally important to me because I really want to become a vet when I get older and I would need to do really well in science. Even though science isn’t exactly my best subject, I am willing to put in the hard work and determination so I may eventually get better and learn what I need to know. Science affects the world in many different ways. With the technologies that have been discovered we can now tell how warm or cold it will be for the next week, we will know when a tornado, hurricane, eruption or any other sorts of natural disasters will occur before they actually happen. This also helps out all communities. My family loves to travel, and if airplanes weren’t invented we wouldn’t be able to go to many places. We also need microwaves, stoves and ovens in order for us to eat supper, and fridges and freezers for us to keep our food in. We also enjoy watching television and movies, and I love talking on the telephone and listening to music. Without science none of these things would be possible. Everyone benefits from science because almost everything has something to do with or involves science. In the future, technology will be even more updated. Phones, televisions, personal stereos, computers etc., will keep getting smaller and smaller and more useful. Science will definitely make things a lot easier in the future. Science is everywhere; you always see it in every day life. Like when you get a ride to school from your parents, watch TV, talk on the phone, and listen to music, that’s using science. When you pass buildings science was used to build them. My favorite area of science is definitely Zoology because it has to do with animals and they are my passion.

Developmental Theories in Juno

The movie  Juno  is not only an excellent representation of film and the creative process coming together to create characters and a story that draws in the audience and allows them to invest themselves in the lives of the characters, but it is also an excellent example of the developmental process. This is because the movie reflects not only the development of its protagonist Juno MacGuff and her emotional growth and development, but also her physical development throughout her pregnancy.Juno  begins with the adolescent protagonist, sixteen year old  Juno MacGuff, realizing that her one night stand with her friend and long-time crush, Paulie Bleeker, has resulted in her being pregnant. However when Juno goes to the clinic to receive the abortion, she finds that both her conscience and the pro-life protesting of a fellow classmate prevent her from going through with the deed. This conflict and resulting action are what spur the young Juno on to the exceptional level of growth and development that are experienced by both her and the audience throughout the film.After nervously telling her dysfunctional parents about her pregnancy, a difficult task for any young and unsuspecting expectant mother, Juno decides that what is best for her child is to carry it to term and place it with a loving family who can provide it with what she herself cannot. From this point in the movie on, Juno's growth is more than evident, as the process of deciding on adoptive parents for her unborn child pushes her to the limits as to what a person of her age should be dealing with.After searching through a local paper Juno decides on an infertile couple from the suburbs of Minnesota, Mark and Vanessa, that is seemingly perfect, and upon meeting them they seem to be the perfect fit for her. However, as the young Juno's confidence in her decision grows, the stability of Mark and Vanessa's relationship is tested as Mark begins to befriend Juno and their mutual love of rock and horro r films makes Mark realize not only the sacrifices he has had to make personally to make his marriage work, but also whether or not a child is what he wants at this point in his life.The arising conflict, which puts extra strain on Mark's relationship with Vanessa, who is so sure in her desire to have a child, results in their separation and the falling apart of what seemed such a perfect solution to Juno's predicament. Mark and Vanessa's separation hits Juno especially hard, because in her helpless situation Mark and Vanessa's seemingly perfect situation not only grounded her but gave her hope, as her birth parent's divorce and the dysfunctional relationship between her father and stepmother seem to give her no hope for happiness now or later in life.As Juno's pregnancy reaches full-term her faith in others and relationships is restored when she realizes that Vanessa's desire and love for her unborn child makes her more than suitable to be the mother of her child, which also gives her the courage to express her true feelings for her friend Paulie. The movie ends on an inspirational and hopeful note, with Juno having a healthy baby boy  whom Vanessa willingly and lovingly accepts, and Juno and Paulie entering into a healthy and stable relationship.After watching the movie with some knowledge of the process of growth and development, the role that Bronfenbrenner's, Piaget's, and Erickson's theories played in Juno's development. Urie Bronfenbrnner stressed the importance of the systems that surround each person, and the significant impact they have on that person's development. These systems are the microsystem, which is made up of friends, family, and school, the ecosystem, which includes things such as the school system, religious organization, and workplace, and the macrosystem, which include cultural values, economic policies, and political policies.Juno  stresses the importance the microsystem and macrosystem play in a person's development. Juno's micro system is dysfunctional, and her relationship with her parents affects her development and her relationship with her friends and the other students at her school. The divorce between her father and her mother, who now has a new family and only sends her a cactus on Valentine's Day, and her impaired relationship with her stepmother have resulted in her adopting an abrupt and unusual persona that cause her to be somewhat of an outcast at school, as well as being unsure about her own relationships in the cases of Paulie and Mark.Additional strain is placed on Juno by the cultural values of her macrosystem, as the scorn she is shown by her peers and the staff at her school over her pregnancy causes her to feel angry with Paulie. Jean Piaget described the four periods of cognitive development, and Juno's ability to think and reason analytically show that she is in the formal operational stage of her cognitive development. This stage is characterized by adolescents thinking â€Å"about a bstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally.They can be logical about things they have never experienced. † (Berger, 2008, p. 45 Table 2. 2). The character of Juno is an excellent example of this development, because throughout her pregnancy, which is an extremely emotional time, she is able to reason logically about what is best for her baby without being driven solely by emotion. Juno's decision to still give her child to Vanessa, who she knows will be a great mother, after Mark leaves her (which Juno blames herself for), showcases Juno's ability to reason logically without emotion.Also, Juno's decision to have her child and to give it away to Mark and Vanessa despite how difficult it will be emotionally displays her ability to be logical about what is best for her and her child despite having never experienced the situation before. Erik Erickson describes eight critical developmental stages of psychosocial development, and the stage t hat the adolescent Juno is in is identity vs. role confusion. This stage emphasizes the importance of social relationships and the primary task is finding one's own personal identity.Failure to receive identity achievement results in role confusion, and for part of the film this seems that the dysfunctional relationships in her life will make this happen to Juno. However, a conversation with her father about the importance of finding someone who truly loves and knows you gives Juno the realization of who she is and what exactly it is that she wants. This spurs Juno on to enter into a relationship with Paulie, and after having the baby, is content with who she is and what she wants.Juno, is a film that is not only valuable for its cinematic content, but also for its accurate representation of development, including physical, cognitive, and psychosocial. The growth of the film's young protagonist Juno is not only representative of the hardships of teenage pregnancy and their effects o n a young woman, but that successful development can occur despite these hardships when there is a proper balance of emotional and environmental factors.

Censorship in the United States Essay - 1275 Words

Censorship on Television Censorship on television in the United States has been an issue ever since the television was invented. The public holds a variety of stances on the topic, and no matter what law is ever passed regarding censorship, it will never suit the needs of everyone. Some believe that censorship violates individual rights in the law, and others believe that censorship should be available through members in the family, not the government. On the other hand, some people strive to maintain government regulation of censorship. Television censorship is significant because it holds the future of our country. If channels continue to be censored, our rights will be violated. If not, then the future generations may change†¦show more content†¦Children are also drawn to more mature programs in order to make them feel older and more mature by watching them, which is why the swearing and nudity need to be cut out. I support this view mainly because of an experience I had when I was about f ive years old. I snuck into the TV room without my parents knowing, and when I was flipping through the channels, I stopped on a channel that was showing the movie Die Hard. Just from watching a short segment of that movie, I quickly learned the â€Å"f† word and said it in class the next day. This initial view on censorship is significant because it can prevent children, who are the most influenced by TV, from practicing what they see. They will not learn these words or actions at an early age, like I did, and therefore will not get into trouble in school or teach them to other children. The downside to this stance is that it violates the right of freedom of speech. In order to gain a better knowledge of this subject, I searched the internet to read about others sides of the issue. I typed the keywords â€Å"government censorship† and â€Å"stances† and found a number of articles. The first article that caught my eye was written about the rights to freedom of speech. I opened the article, took a few minutes to read it, and realized that censorship may not be the right answer. By censoring television, the First Amendment of the United StatesShow MoreRelatedCensorship Of The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesJeffrey Corpstein English 270 Research paper Censorship This paper will cover censorship in film with its main focus in the United States. It will cover the progress of film censorship and how it has varied throughout the country as well as state to state. The reader will discover how film censorship has changed with society and can be a resemblance of society at a certain point in time. 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